New beginnings in the garden

Bean seedlings in my new vegetable garden

Are gardens and landscapes ever finished? Completed? Done?

Of course not. Gardens are in a constant state of change. Some of them (vegetable gardens, for example) we plant anew each year. Other areas we might fill up with trees and shrubs and perennials, and think we’ve created something permanent. But… trees grow, and shade grows with them. Plants die, or plants get bigger or spread faster than we expected. Unpredictable seedlings come up, and might be weeds, or might be something new and exciting that found its way in.

I’ve had some significant gardening changes this year, along with the normal state of constant flux. For one thing, we took down a tree near our driveway (it was an invasive species, and also persistently dropped things on our cars in a super-annoying way) and now we have an area in pretty full sun where it was partial before. So of course we’ve put in a new vegetable garden!

View of the new garden in early June

I had a perennial bed there, but it had become choked with liriope and Spanish bluebells, so I dug those out and threw them away, and transplanted what flower bulbs and native perennials I could locate during the winter months. My son constructed the new garden, which has a base of landscape fabric and pea gravel (to discourage anything from re-emerging from underneath) and consists of three 3’x6’ raised beds that are close to 18” high (no landscape fabric under these), plus plenty of room for containers. It’s surrounded by a six-foot wire fence to discourage animal invaders. The raised beds are made with pressure-treated lumber (now considered to be safe for food gardens) and handy concrete corners they slot into. The soil in the raised beds was dug from the surrounding area (some excavation was necessary to put in that base layer) and supplemented with homemade compost. Some weeds are popping up (along with volunteer tomatoes and mystery cucurbits), but I’m glad not to have to buy topsoil and compost

I’m going to use the new garden for vegetable plants I have trouble growing in my community garden plot, because of pests and diseases that are hard to keep at bay there. This year I’m growing beans and winter squash, plus a few other things! It’ll be interesting to find out how much produce I can grow in a relatively small space.

The herb spiral in early June, with new plants

In another area of my yard I have an herb spiral that was put in seven or eight years ago, next to a gravelly slope where I’d had great success growing rosemary. But this was a particularly bad winter for that marginally hardy Mediterranean herb, and when I checked in early spring, all of the plants were very, very dead. I’ve replanted new rosemary in pretty much the same place (sunny, great drainage, protected from wind) so hopefully it will live at least a few more years.

The herb spiral itself had been taken over by lavender, so it was basically a glorious lavender hill, with no room for anything else to grow. I don’t think the winter completely killed the plants (lavender is surprisingly tough, at least the hardier cultivars) but they were badly enough off that I decided it was time to take them out. I’ve added new soil into the herb spiral and begun planting more herbs. No lavender this time! I have room for it in other places where it can grow into shrubs.

Marjoram, thyme, and lemon verbena in the recovered herb spiral

Changes happen every year in the garden—big ones or small ones, but always some. Enjoy the early summer weather as you transform your own gardening spaces, one small task or one giant refreshment at a time.

By Erica Smith, Montgomery County Master Gardener. Read more posts by Erica.

How many plants to plant (in vegetable and herb gardens)

One of the most common questions asked by novice vegetable and herb gardeners is “How many?” That is, how many of each plant to put in, so that the harvest will be enough to make dinner but not so much that you’re frantically trying to find homes for a major surplus. When you plan an ornamental border, there are design guidelines that talk about groups and masses and specimen plants, but food gardens (although they can be beautiful) are not planted with aesthetics primarily in mind. So how to make these choices?

You can find plenty of guides online for, say, planning a garden for a family of four. These tend to assume that your garden is large and that you want to supply all or most of your needs from it. Which is great if that’s your goal, but I don’t find that many of the busy urban and suburban gardeners I talk to mean to skip the supermarket produce section entirely. The online guides will also measure the planting in feet of row; if you grow in the square footage of raised beds, you’ll have to do some recalculation. Growing in these kinds of high volumes probably also requires food preservation, whether by freezing, canning, or some other method.

Your garden does not need to be planted in long, long rows to be productive

Most of us find the answer to “How many?” through trial and error, and frankly you probably can’t avoid that entirely. You’ll err on the side of not enough for some plants, and too much for others, and will serve some salads featuring a handful of lettuce or one small cucumber, or get to know your neighbors when you have tons of extra tomatoes. But there are ways to plan.

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Starting a Culinary Herb Garden

This could be a great year to get an herb garden started! We have lots of information on the HGIC website about growing herbs, and more will be coming soon to celebrate GIEI’s Year of Herbs. I’m going to add here some hints for making your herb garden a success.

Note: this information is about culinary herbs (plants whose leaves or seeds are used as seasonings) rather than medicinal herbs, which are used to treat medical conditions or promote health. We here at Grow It Eat It are not medical practitioners and cannot recommend medicinal herbs for use, though we could give you some ideas about growing them. Please don’t experiment on yourself based on random information gleaned from the web or an old book. If you want up-to-date advice about herbs and your health, contact a herbalist who’s part of the American Herbalist Guild. The Herb Society of America also has reliable information about all sorts of herbs on their website.

The first thing to ask yourself about starting a culinary herb garden is which herbs you enjoy using in your cooking. If you’ve bought fresh herbs at a grocery store, you know how expensive they can be, and often the bunch is too big for you to use up before they go bad. Think about having all the herbal bounty you want, when you want it, for the cost of a few dollars to buy a plant or some seeds!

Chives are one of the best perennial herbs to add to your garden

Where to find plants and seeds

First, while those little pots of herbs you buy at a supermarket are useful to have around in your kitchen in the wintertime, they do not transplant well to the garden. It looks like they are grown by putting a bunch of seeds into a pot and creating lots of skinny plants that will not be healthy enough to survive moving, plus they have never been exposed to outdoor conditions. Buy your plants from a garden center and check to make sure there are not more than two or three at the most in the pot—one would be better, even if it sounds less cost-effective.

Many garden centers and hardware stores stock herb plants in the spring. They often come in various pot sizes, and unless for some reason you need a big plant immediately, you’re better off starting with a small one and giving it good growing conditions. Make sure the soil in the pot isn’t bone-dry (or soggy wet) and the plant isn’t losing leaves, turning yellow, being chewed on by insects, or mysteriously spotted or ragged. In other words, it should be healthy! Try to buy early rather than waiting until the last pathetic bits of inventory are on sale.

You can also start herb plants from seed, but check first how long they will take to grow. You may be better off starting with a plant someone else has grown. The HGIC website page linked above will give you specific advice.

If you’re looking for something more unusual than the commonly available herb plants, you may need to order a plant or seeds online, or visit an herb fair in your area.

Where to plant your herb garden

First, make sure you know whether each herb you’re planting is an annual, biennial, or perennial. Biennial plants (that bloom and go to seed in their second year) and perennial plants (that last for at least several years) require more thought in placement than annuals, which can essentially be treated like annual vegetables. You can put herbs into your vegetable garden, but if they are going to be left in place over the winter, it makes more sense to locate them on the edges or in their own sector, so the roots won’t be disturbed by digging. Or you can plant a separate herb garden, or grow your herbs in containers.

Basil comes in many types and fits well into your vegetable garden

The most important factors in growing herbs are sun exposure (most herbs want full sun) and good soil drainage. Most herbs don’t need highly fertile soil, but they do react badly to heavy clay soils that hold water. Consider creating a raised bed for herbs, since it will drain much better.

I’m giving advice about “herbs” generally, but each type of herb has its own growing requirements and habits, so check out the HGIC page and the Herb Society of America website  for more specific information. Some herbs, like basil, want more watering, grow fast and need frequent harvesting; some, like lavender, grow more slowly and prefer rocky, drier soil, but can eventually become monsters that take over your entire designated herb area.

Lavender can get very large, and you may not use a lot of it in your cooking, but it’s beautiful, fragrant, and a great plant for attracting pollinators

Other considerations

  • Give some thought to how many plants of each herb you need before you start buying. You may want multiple basil plants if you plan to make pesto, for example, but you will really never need more than one culinary sage plant.
  • Some herbs will multiply given the chance, either by dropping seeds or by insinuating their roots into every corner of your garden. Be careful with the mints, always! But it can be nice to have cilantro and dill plants springing up here and there.
  • Herbs are not just for your meals. Many herb plants are extremely ornamental and can be grown as part of flowerbeds (assuming the soil and light conditions suit them), or might add some pizzazz to your vegetable beds. The flowers are often beautiful and attract insects that will pollinate your other plants and/or protect them from pests. Strongly scented herbs may also have some deterrent effect against animals like deer and rabbits, although it’s better to rely on a fence.
  • Just be aware that growing herb plants is addictive! But your meals will be better for it.

I’ll post more about herb growing in the coming months. Spring is approaching fast!

By Erica Smith, Montgomery County Master Gardener. Read more posts by Erica.

Seasonal Herbs: Rosemary and Peppermint

2025 will be Grow It Eat It’s Year of Herbs! So I thought I’d look forward to the coming year by featuring some seasonal flavors. No, not pumpkin spice. We can grow some of the aromatic, usually seed-based spice plants in our region, but many of them (such as cinnamon and nutmeg) require a very different climate with year-round warmth. Herbs, which are usually leaf-based, are much easier. Two garden favorites are also popular at this time of year in food, drink, and special treats. Let’s talk about rosemary and peppermint.

Rosemary, looking fine in December

Maybe we think about rosemary in December because of those sheared “Christmas trees” you can buy in stores and take home as a holiday centerpiece. I would not count on having those live very long, though they are pretty and fragrant for as long as they last. Rosemary doesn’t like the warm dry air inside our homes, and it’s hard to keep potted rosemary watered well enough not to dry out while still not rotting its roots. Rosemary is one of the Mediterranean herbs that evolved to grow in rocky soil near the sea, which is not a climate that exists in your dining room. It doesn’t really exist in central Maryland gardens, either, but I’ve managed to keep rosemary going for a few years at a time by giving it well-drained soil (gravelly is great, but raised bed soil will work), full sun, and protection from winter winds. Rosemary has a reputation for dying in cold winters, but the factors that really kill it off, from my observations, are sudden plunges in temperature, wild temperature fluctuations in general, and too much moisture at the root level. If you know there’s an Arctic air mass coming, you can try temporarily wrapping the plant – don’t leave it that way all winter, though. It’s tougher than you think.

Rosemary is a great way to give your meals a wintry, pine-foresty flavor. It’s used in meat dishes and with roasted vegetables, and in stews and baked goods. If you take care of your outdoor plants, you can harvest from them all year long; rosemary is an evergreen herb as long as you treat it right.

Mint growing in a pot outside a house. By Sunnysingh22/Wikipedia.

Peppermint is another garden plant with a reputation, and in this case it’s well-deserved. Mints spread vigorously by root runners, and will happily take over your entire garden if you let them. Peppermint is one of the worst offenders. If you want to grow it – and you should, because it’s a great flavor element to have handy – grow it in a container, preferably close to your house, like on a deck or patio or front stoop. If you do plant it in the ground (and I did this, because I wanted more than would grow in a pot), make sure it’s in a location where the root growth will be constrained by pavement. It will still become a ground cover in that area, but walking on mint and releasing its scent can be very pleasant. I’ve been able to keep mine more or less under control, with some aggressive weeding. But I previously had horrible experiences with mint in (or near) vegetable gardens, so… just don’t. It will even escape from a pot through the hole in the bottom and start growing into the soil underneath, so put those pots on impermeable surfaces.

If you are going to grow peppermint, start by buying a plant. Peppermint (Mentha x piperitai) is a hybrid of two species of mint, and therefore doesn’t come true from seed (in fact it seldom produces seeds). In general, it’s easier to buy herb plants rather than growing them from seed; rosemary, for example, will grow from seed, but it takes a looong time. Let someone else do the work!

Peppermint can be used in flavoring meat and vegetable dishes, especially Middle Eastern ones, and to make wonderful herbal teas. Spearmint is a better choice for cocktails and refreshing cold drinks. (Same planting considerations; spearmint is also a great spreader.) When we think of peppermint in December, it’s mostly because of candy canes and other sweet treats, including peppermint-flavored cocoa and chocolates. You probably won’t make those from your own garden peppermint (which tends to die back some in the winter anyway, though it will usually come back in spring if given some protection from freezing winds), but if you’re interested in where they came from, try this recent episode about mint from one of my favorite podcasts, Gastropod. The discussion focuses on the commercial uses of peppermint and how they developed over the last few centuries, and it’s a great listen.

Both peppermint and rosemary are in the mint family, as are many of the other culinary herbs we prize in our gardens. In this upcoming Year of Herbs we’ll post a lot about how to grow and use those and many others. In the meantime here’s a post on herbs in veggie gardens I wrote a few years ago – start planning now!

Happy holidays and best wishes for a fragrant winter season!

By Erica Smith, Montgomery County Master Gardener. Read more posts by Erica.

May Herbs Herbs Herbs! – The Garden Thyme Podcast

Listen to episode

In this month episode we are talking about herbs. Now there are too many amazing herbs our there to cover them all in one episode so in this episode we are cover:  what is a herb, three common herbs (basil, chives and thyme) and some of our favorite herbs for the garden.  

We also have our: 

  • Native Plant of the Month (Wild Ginger) at ~ 27:10
  • Bug of the Month (Rose Slug Sawfly) at ~ 31:30
  • Garden Tips of the Month at ~ 36:15

We hope you enjoyed this month’s episode and will tune in next month for more garden tips. 

 If you have any garden-related questions please email us at  UMEGardenPodcast@gmail.com or look us up on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/GardenThymePodcast.

The Garden Thyme Podcast is a monthly podcast where we help you get down and dirty in your garden. The Garden Thyme Podcast is brought to you by the University of Maryland Extension. Hosts are Mikaela Boley- Senior Agent Associate (Talbot County) for Horticulture, Rachel Rhodes- Agent Associate for Horticulture (Queen Anne’s County), and Emily Zobel-Senior Agent Associate for Agriculture (Dorchester County).

Theme Song:  By Jason Inc

Herbs in Veggie Gardens

One of the most common pieces of advice I give out is to plant flowers in your vegetable garden. Blooming flowers are a big draw to many beneficial insects, including pollinating insects such as bees and butterflies, and predators and parasitoids like the tiny wasps who help to keep pest insects under control in your garden. Plus, flowers are pretty, you can cut them to bring inside, many of them smell nice; they are just pleasant to be around.

To attract a good range of beneficials, it’s best to have something blooming in or around your garden all season long, and a wide range of flower types and sizes is also good. From giant sunflowers to tiny forget-me-not or alyssum, if you see bees on it, it’s good to have around. But sometimes we forget that herbs are also flowering plants—we plant them for a burst of flavor in the kitchen, but don’t consider their other qualities, including as a source of nectar for flying insects. Some herbs have flowers that are great in size and shape for butterflies to visit, many attract bees, and those with the tiniest flowers bring in those useful little wasps. So when you’re planning what flowers to plant in your garden, consider adding more culinary herbs as well, and let them do double duty.

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What can you start from seed in February?

I hope all of you are busy planning your vegetable gardens and getting those seeds ordered! If you haven’t purchased seeds yet, now is the time. A lot of seed companies are experiencing larger than usual interest and several have had to temporarily stop accepting orders. Many varieties of seeds are running out. So jump on it!

If you already have your seeds and your plan of action, you may be champing at the bit to get started. Those of us who start seeds indoors feel the urge to play in the dirt (or the soilless seed-starting mix) even in winter, but it’s often not a good idea. When I began gardening, I started many plants far too early, and was sorry later when I had enormous seedlings that couldn’t be put in the ground until the weather cooperated. So as a former offender, I will state clearly: DO NOT START YOUR TOMATO PLANTS IN FEBRUARY. In fact, do not start your tomato plants until late March or early April, and you will be much happier, and so will your plants.

But what CAN I start, you ask, with a pitiful, yearning look in your eyes. I know. I really do. Here’s a  list. It may not include anything you’re actually planning to grow, but I’ll give you another suggestion at the end. Here we go.

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